Existing strategies and future needs jusipbek kazbekov and asad sarwar qureshi international water management institute. This document seeks to identify relevant extension methods in different situations for maximum impact, taking into consideration the diversity of needs by the whole spectrum of extension beneficiaries clients. Its focus is on the less arid areas of eastern and southern africa, where sustainable agriculture approaches have achieved most success. Extension service provision has shifted from push based approaches, where. The results of impact evaluations conducted in 10 ssa countries including kenya, somali, ivory coast, rwanda, burkina faso, uganda, zimbabwe, mozambique, ethiopia, and tanzania were collected from various websites for the analysis.
Examples of ssa countries that are implementing some form of demanddriven extension models pluralistic, participatory, ffs. The term participatory approaches is used to describe a wide range of development and research approaches, methods and tools that can improve the practice of development. Recent documents have provided pointers on how gender has been incorporated in the extension activities. Role of international organizations the fao experience. It contains simple, easy to follow tools on the commonly used extension methods and an outline of how extension may be planned and implemented. Guide on alternative extension approaches prepared by george h.
A case for participatory cost sharing approach to agricultural extension delivery in nigeria. It does not include the mainly pastoral, semiarid areas that cover much of the region. Generally, agricultural extension can be defined as the delivery of information inputs to farmers. The approach is usually fairly centralized and governmentcontrolled. Agricultural extension approaches influencing uptake of. Click download or read online button to get fundamental of agriculture extension education book pdf download book now. Agricultural extension approaches aciar australian. To introduce students to extension communication strategies to enable them develop good communication and facilitation skills 6.
A critical analysis of agriculture extension services in. The level of its suitability for the common circumstances at its application area. Integrating gender and nutrition within agricultural. The expert consultation on agricultural extension, researchextensionfarmer interface and. Agricultural extension approaches an extension approach is the style of action within an extension system that guides the structure, methods, techniques, resources and linkages of operation swanson, 2008. Extension education in agricultural and rural development. Alternative models have emerged that recognise other actors than. Approaches in extension extension approach axinn, 1988 defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and naturestyle of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.
Farm households and rural communities face more and bigger challenges because of climate change. Participatory extension approaches pea under which the farmer to farmer extension approach f2f falls were introduced in zimbabwe in 1998 and upscaled as a means of moving towards more demanddriven and process oriented agricultural services ministry of agriculture. Evaluation on crop productivity enhancement extension. This manual is a practical guide for extension workers in agriculture. This model for extension, however, is becoming outdated in the more competitive, marketoriented climate of todays agriculture. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. These principles guide the agricultural extension officer and service provider to work in an organized way to ensure smooth flow of agricultural extension service at the door step of farmers. Agricultural extension program is one of the major undertakings of a government, non agricultural groups, as well as other stakeholders with in the agricultural sector to educate, disseminates, provide logistical inputs and organized training programs and workshops aims at educating our clientele considered as the farmers. Current concepts and approaches in agricultural extension.
The malawi youth in agriculture yia project was created by the strengthening agriculture nutrition and extension sane activity to address the broader concerns of the meas malawi assessment, as well as the programmatic goals of daes. Both a way of life and a means of life for the people involved in. To discuss history of agricultural extension in the world and ghana in particular 3. The agricultural extension strategy is based on the strategy for proagri ii 20062010, the draft extension master plan and the national agricultural extension programme 20072014, pronea, which is based on the agricultural support programme documentation asp, 2005 extension master plan 20072016. Extension approaches and methodologies agriculture social. Achievements and challenges in agricultural extension in india. For example, the whole farm extension approach, integrated agricultural development approach, and training and visit approach were more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s nasep, 2012, p. The workshop was organized around three main topics. Data on farmers gender, age, household leadership, occupation and agricultural extension approaches were collected. Current concepts and approaches in agricultural extension in. In kenya, numerous approaches have been tried with varying success. Stimulate thought and dialogue that will further enrich the use of the framework.
Some of the trends like the recognition of the importance of farmers itk, strengthening of. Department of agricultural economics and extension nasarawa state university, keffi shabu lafia campus emails. Evolution of extension system and operationalisation of approaches. Guide educators and specialists who will design, test and evaluate extension educational programming. The remainder of this report includes an overview of regional approaches to extension, using national examples, and summarises experiences with different extension approaches and methods within table 2. Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. Agricultural extension is the term used to describe the process by which rural people are persuaded.
Agricultural development administration korea and african forum for agricultural advisory services. Pdf agricultural extension approaches to enhance the. Overviewthis project surveyed approaches to agricultural extension practice change and new ideas about improved ways forward. Effective implementation of governmentsupported propoor extension delivery requires significant and continuous retraining of extension officers in new participatory approaches, methods, and skills. Buy agriculture extension textbooks, lecture notes, sample papers online at kopykitab. Chapter 1 introduction extension in south africa finds itself at a crossroads situation, which has been brought about by a multitude of factors. Extension approaches and methodologies free download as powerpoint presentation. Principles of agricultural extension arid agriculture. Evaluating the impact of agricultural extension programmes in. Introducing a farmers livestock school training approach.
Axinn and entitled guide on alternative extension approaches. Chapter 2 alternative approaches to organizing extension. V system sought to increase agricultural productivity and develop the institutions of the extension service. Current extension service models, what works and what does. In 2009, a national seminar on agriculture extension discussed knowledge management, convergence of extension systems, the role of. The case studies clearly revealed that what works for women farmers is their ability to work in groups especially to support each other and to learn from each other. Drawing heavily on the field experience of bank staff and outside specialists, the report underscores the importance of a comprehensive framework for accelerating technology development in east africa. Agricultural and rural extension worldwide food and agriculture. Global approaches to extension practice gaep, a publication of the department of agricultural extension, federal university of technology, owerri, imo state, nigeria is an international journal which considers articles from all areas of agricultural extension. They provide an opportunity for group based learning, can stimulate group development and cooperation between farmer s, and are a costeffective means of delivering extension messages.
Extension, education and communication service research, extension and training division sustainable development department agricultural extension, rural development and the food security challenge by william mcleod rivera in collaboration with m. A parcel of land, containing 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet. In contrast to several other approaches, this approach assumes that technology and knowledge that are appropriate for local people exist but are not being used by them. Pocket guide 1 extension practice for agricultural adaptation. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. The key characteristic of this approach groups all the functions for increased production extension, research, input supply. In this chapter, extension approaches are presented in terms of their most important organizational forms and their respective goals. The national agricultural extension strategy therefore, aims to contribute in achieving the national and international development goals, such as. A principle of the departments extension approach is the use of a wide range of different extension methods. Using key elements of any extension approach, the table attempts to differentiate between these two. But interest appears to be returning globally, and india is no exception. The field of extension now encompasses a wider range of communication and learning activities organized for rural people by educators from different disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural marketing, health, and business studies. Agricultural extension methodologies, approaches and tools.
Past extension strategies relied on improving supply of extension services through technologytransfer extension approaches, generally based on public extension. In the final chapter, i attempt to set out what appears to be the. Burt t his publication is designed to help you learn more about agricultural cooperatives or to help you think through the process of organizing and operating such a business. In terms of constraints, extension is delivered by men and so there is a gender imbalance. To discuss basic philosophy, objectives and principles of agricultural extension. Agricultural extension program is one of the major undertakings of a government, non. Overview of different extension models and approaches. The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products useful and necessary to man. While the focus is on creating a new cooperative, many of the ideas may be of interest to those thinking. Oct 21, 2014 pluralism in extension and pluralistic extension pluralism in extension extension systems with multiple providers of services, and often with multiple funding sources, and multiple extension approaches pluralism raises a number of issues coordination roles collaboration and competition strengthening capacities of. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The african ejournals project has digitized full text of. The ffs as a group learning approach builds knowledge and capacity among farmers to enable them diagnose their problems, identify solutions and develop.
Changes in extension approaches experiences from different states after the close of the world bank supported national agricultural extension project naep, the central support to the state extension services dried up and many state governments initiated different extension approaches. Personnel in departments of extension education may also find it of value in the preservice. There are several extension methods in use today geared at achieving this goal. The commodity approach offers opportunities for a better understanding of extension programs by agricultural leaders. Kalim qamar food and agriculture organization of the united nations rome, 2003. Extension and advisory services rural extension services for. The 2030 agenda for sustainable development, through its 17 sustainable development goals, addresses the interconnected root causes of the most persistent ills communities face today and sets an ambitious target of ending hunger and malnutrition for all, by 2030.
Participatory research and extension in agriculture 2 the type of technology is forming the content of the learning event, so it can be expected that the type of technology will determine the design of the learning event. Relatively novel approaches include the consideration of aquatic resources management in the context of livelihoods, working with poor. The present study aims to a describe and critically analyse the extension approaches of a regional government institution called cati in sao paulo state brazil, b explain the factors which led to the development of the identified extension approaches, and c suggest how the extension approach at cati is likely to change over the next five years. Alternative approaches of agricultural extension for dissemination of sustainable agricultural development in eastern libya 1jadalla. Despite wellintended interventions in extension reforms, a large number of smallholder farmers and other vulnerable groups. The approaches vol 18 no 1 january 2003 journal of social. A critical analysis of agricultural extension service in papua new guinea. Based on the identification of four main gaps in extension services in terms of gender and nutrition integration, ingenaes activities can be divided into the following action areas. In the absence of such published material and organized training programs on the subject, this. Agriculture extension books pdf, lecture notes, sample. The study systematically selected 129 farmers from four villages.
Agricultural extension activity is important agrarianpolitical instrument of the state which stimulates the development of agricultural production. A brief introduction to agricultural cooperatives l. Strengthening agricultural extension and advisory systems. Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. Requires a certain amount of showmanship not possessed by all extension workers. Agricultural extension service has to be competent in agricultural skills, to communicate efficiently with producers and stimulate them to acquire new knowledge. Training manual for extension staff and farmers the system of rice intensification sri is a package of practices especially developed to improve the production of rice with less water. Agricultural extension manual for extension workers. The study revealed that 83% of the respondents were female out of. Agricultural extension service has to be competent in agricultural skills, to communicate efficiently with producers and stimulate them to. A reference manual for extension agents was compiled as one of the need based activities identified and agreed upon in the pdm of asap. One important way of achieving this goal is for research, extension, and private sector dealers to hold regular informationsharing meetings at the district level to discuss production problems, research findings, and recommended practices before and during each growing season. Many different agricultural extension models have been utilized in developing countries in order to bring about rural development.
A summary of extension approaches and methods referred to in this report. These other extension methods were often used in combination with the f2f. In agricultural extension, there are also certain principles on which the subject matter is based on. Participatory extension approaches pea in zimbabwe acknowledgments this booklet on participatory extension approaches pea has been updated with the contribution of a national pea core team made up of staff from practical action southern africa, the ministry of agriculture, mechanisation and irrigation development and the zimbabwe farmers union. Pdf available in international journal of current microbiology and applied sciences 72. Implementation of more effective propoor development programmes requires broader recognition among decision. Importance of agricultural extension evidence from many countries show that agricultural extension is a propoor public investment. An extension approach that works oil and water management is a major problem constraining the development of ugandas agriculture. It is characterized by the coexistence of multiple public, private, and mixed extension systems and approaches. There is a need to develop and promote gender sensitive approaches to extension delivery.
Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to. Most of sources of each subjected listed in the further reading section at the end of the. Cost sharing cost recovery approach, commodity specific approach, farmer field schools, convergence of sciences and innovation systems approaches. Extension practice for agricultural adaptation 3 for example, if a family grows rice in a valley bottom that is starting to have higher floods that submerge their rice plants every 3 to 4 years for the first time in memory, the farms exposure to climate change. The level of the availability of approach elements. Many countries have neglected extension and indeed agriculture as a whole. Iwmi working paper 145 agricultural extension in central asia.
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